Cerebellum

Cerebellum






Cerebellum also called as little brain is found below the occipital and temporal lobes present in cerebral cortex. It is the area that controls movement, balance and providing equilibrium. More than 50% of the total neurons are present in cerebellum which is used for processing data. It contains thin grey substance that is densely folded and a sheet of white matter. Cerebellar cortex is the outer layer of cerebellum which has multiple folds in it.

Any damage to the cerebellum would cause serious impairments in posture and motor control. Actually motor commands do not originate in the cerebellum but it modifies the command obtained from the descending pathways for making accurate movements like walking, standing and sitting.

Functions of Cerebellum are Given Below :-

Maintaining Balance :

It is responsible for adjusting posture or position so that a person can stay balanced. It receives input from the receptors and processes it for making necessary changes so as to adapt the body for shifting the position. In case if a person has skull injury that has damaged part of cerebellum then he is likely to lose balance and fall down. He will always remain in the stereotyped posture for compensating this problem.

Coordinating Voluntary Movements :

Many voluntary movements of the body are composed of action from different muscle groups which should coordinate in same fashion. Cerebellum is responsible for organizing such movements maintaining the perfect timing so that the body movements are normal.

Motor learning :

Cerebellum is involved in motor learning. It plays vital role in fine-tuning and synchronizing the motor programs for making accurate movements through trial and error process. For instance one can learn how to hit the baseball or how to hold the bat in the right position for playing cricket is possible through motor learning process.

Cognitive Function :

A person can learn any language easily only if his cerebellum functions well. Many other cognitive functions are managed through cerebellum.

What happens if cerebellum is damaged? (or) symptoms of cerebellum damage.

Several studies have been conducted on patients with cerebral damage for assessing the symptoms of cerebellar damage.

Decomposed Movement :

Without coordination and message from the cerebellum many muscles do not join together for making the desired movement. Hence the person may show decomposed movement. In other words, the movement will be in stages and not coordinated. They cannot perform smooth movement and involve broken movement. For instance they cannot touch the nose using finger smoothly which involves coordination of various muscles from shoulder, elbow and wrist. The person having problem in cerebellum will slowly make shoulder movement, next he will move his elbow and finally he will move his wrist.

Increased Tremor :

For a person with impaired functions of cerebellum making any movement for reaching the target will cause tremor. The tremor or shaking of hands will increase as he gets closer to the target. For lifting a teacup the person will move his hand towards the cup but it will tremble and shake back and forth before his hands touches the cup.

Dysdiadochokinesia :

This is the condition that causes difficulty in performing alternate movements. Making any type of alternate movement will be impossible for them.

Decreased Motor Learning :

This is very common in people affected with cerebellar functions. It becomes more and more difficult to learn any new motor skills and practice the acquired skills correctly.

Pictures of Cerebellum :

Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Cerebellum

Cognitive Impairment :

The person may show serious shortfall in attention, language and memory areas. In autistic children they show significant delays in learning any language. This can be due to damage or insufficient development of cerebellum.

Cerebellum

Cerebellum

What is Cerebellum?

The cerebellum is another important structure found within the brain. This originally comes from a Latin word which when translated would mean “little brain”. This organ is primarily responsible for attuning movements but also plays an important role in the learning process, control of muscle tone and as well as the initiation of response to pleasure and fear. The true function the cerebellum has been disputed for several years. However, recently the motor functions of the cerebellum have been clearly established. Certainly, a number of people may not really be that acquainted with the cerebellum and its functions in the human body. You will know something more about this unique part of the brain in the latter paragraphs.

Cerebellum Function

The little brain or the cerebellum is primarily responsible for the motor faculties of the body. Though the cerebellum’s function is motor by nature, this also influences aspects like cognition and as well as helps initiate responses to fear and pleasure. Nevertheless, the cerebellum is not entirely responsible for initiating movement. Rather, its work is more on the coordination of different movements, specifically in terms of precision, accuracy and timing. The cerebellum is specifically involved in the regulation of the fine motor activities of the body via the inputs coming from the brain and the spinal cord. Thence, whenever there’s an assault to the cerebellum, an individual does not necessarily become paralyzed but would rather suffer from loss of equilibrium or balance, faulty posture and some difficulty performing motor functions.

Calibration of movement
Way then, physiologists are hugely convinced that the main function of the cerebellum is motor-related, not until the early 90s wherein the true nature and functions of the cerebellum have been slowly unraveled. Through conducting several experiments, one after another, it was finally found out that the essential function of the cerebellum is to calibrate or regulate the movement being executed and not to initiate the movement itself. Deciding the types of motion to execute is not also within the scope of the cerebellum. To determine whether or not your cerebellum is working properly, you may try to do this. Touch an object on the opposite arm. If you are able to do this in a straightforward manner and without any erratic motions, then your cerebellum is properly working. Otherwise, something must have been wrong with your cerebellum.

Learning
Another important function of the cerebellum is the facilitation of learning. For years, scientists have been bickering as to whether or not learning occurs within the cerebellum or this is merely just a passageway through which signals and impulses traverse. Nevertheless, the role of the cerebellum in terms of the learning process has been established in the optimal control theory.

Maintaining Equilibrium
Another crucial function of the cerebellum is maintaining balance or equilibrium. Without the cerebellum, we could have been staggering due to the lack of balance. The cerebellum may be considered responsible for maintaining our balance owing to the fact that this has a connection with the vestibular branch which is among the centers for maintaining balance and posture.

Muscle Control
The cerebellum is also responsible for keeping the right muscle tone. Can you imagine living without your cerebellum? Well, we could be just like a blob of jelly due to lack of muscle tonicity. Thus, another important function of the cerebellum is maintaining the proper posture because of its control over the different muscles of the body.

Cerebellum Location

Not everyone else knows the exact location of the cerebellum because this organ is not given that much of an attention as the other parts of the brain. The cerebellum is actually considered to be part of the hindbrain. This is huddled inferior to the brain but superior to the brain stem. Anterior to the cerebellum is the pons.

Cerebellum Anatomy

The cerebellum is about 10% of the brain’s total volume. As compared to other parts or structures found within the brain, the cerebellum considerably has more neurons. It is also composed of specialized types of neurons called Purkinje fibers (pronounced as Poor-kin-yay which is named after a Czech physiologist) and granule cells. This is being divided into hemispheres via a midline termed as the vermis. The cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by the stratified dura mater and signals travelling to and fro the cerebellum have to pass through the pons. This structure is also considered to be part of the metencephalon and the former being superior to the hindbrain which anatomists would refer to as the rhombencephalon. The cerebellum tends to assume somewhat a peculiar appearance especially in terms of its surface. This is due to the fact that the cerebellum is also made up of folded layers of gray matter which most of the time would look like that of an accordion. It has been speculated that when this fold is being stretched this would be about a meter long and five inches wide. Just beneath the grey matter is the white matter and embedded in the latter are the four deep cerebellar nuclei which are also made up of grey matter. The white matter is also known as the “tree of life” (arbor vitae) because of its tree-like appearance especially when viewed in its cross-section.

The cerebellum is also being divided into three lobes which are the anterior, posterior and the flocculonodular lobes which eventually divide the cerebellum into rostral to caudal. In humans, the equivalent is from top to bottom. Each of these lobes performs a specific function which will be discussed further in the next few paragraphs.

Cerebellum Tumor

The cerebrum is considered to be the second largest part of the brain. Just like the rest of the organs of the body, the cerebrum is also being affected by certain types of tumor. There can be several types of tumor that may grow within the cerebellum. These tumors are classified as either primary or secondary. Primary tumors are those tumors which originally come from the cerebellum. On the other hand, secondary tumors have just metastasized to the cerebellum but were from other parts of the body such as the colon, lungs, esophagus and many others. The common type of tumor which is believed to have originated from within the cerebellum are medulloblastomas. This accounts for about 20 per cent of the total tumors found within the brains of both children and adults. Another type of tumor that commonly develops in the cerebellum is the cerebellar astrocytoma which is oftentimes comprised of either benign or malignant cells. Other tumors found in the cerebellum may have directly come from the breast, colon, kidney and the skin.
Symptoms
Tumor arising from the cerebellum would usually trigger symptoms that are related to movement. There may also be other clusters of symptoms that may be present along with a cerebellar tumor which commonly include the following:

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Nausea and Vomiting with Headaches

Since the presence of tumor within the cerebellum would lead to obstruction in the normal flow of cerebral fluid, this would trigger bouts of headache. According to the American Brain Tumor Association, the characteristic of the headache felt by those with cerebellar tumor is that it is more prominent in the morning, usually upon rousing. Nausea and vomiting will also be noted especially when one tries to move. Those who used to suffer from this condition have also noted severe headache as the tumor grows further.

Difficulty Walking

Another problem faced by those who have cerebellar tumor is trouble walking. You would often find them clumsily walking or staggering. This is primarily because the cerebellum is the one responsible for maintaining balance.

Cranial Nerve Compression and Damage

The growing tumor in the cerebellum also causes cranial nerve compression. The physical manifestations would oftentimes depend on the cranial nerve affected. The common symptoms include weakness, hearing and visual problems, which eventually leads to the loss of function of these organs, and some disturbances on the taste of smell.

Causes
Tumor development within the cerebellum can be due to a myriad of symptoms. There can be a lot of possible causes of tumor formation in the cerebellum. Just like the usual causes, this may probably be due to exposure to certain toxic chemicals, lifestyle or even heredity. However, just like most cancers are, the etiology is unknown.

Treatment
Treatment is possible in cases of cerebellar tumor formation for the healthy cells can be unharmed during the course of treatment. The common treatment for cerebellar tumor usually includes radiation and chemotherapy. As with radiation, higher doses ideally required and this is concentrated on the head so as to kill cancerous cells. Chemotherapy may also be as effective in dealing with cerebellar tumors.

Surgery
Surgical management may also be indicated for those who suffer from cerebellar tumor. Often, the preferred way of dealing cerebellar tumor is by removing it because its removal poses less or even no harm to the surrounding structures. In fact, this would serve as a measure that would save nearby structures from getting damaged.