Gestational Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes develops in pregnancy, and like more traditional types of diabetes will affect how your cells process glucose. Developing a complication during pregnancy can be frightening, but there is good news for those that develop gestational diabetes. This condition can largely be managed with exercise, healthy diet and medication. Your blood sugar will usually return to normal following delivery. However, those that have experienced gestational diabetes may be at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes in the future. You will need to work with your health care provider to better manage and monitor your blood sugar in the future.

How to Know if I Have Gestational Diabetes
There are no symptoms to gestational diabetes in most cases. This is why most pregnant women are encouraged to have glucose screenings between 24-28 weeks. If you are at high risk of diabetes or you are showing signs of this condition such as sugar in the urine your doctor may recommend having a glucose screening at your first prenatal visit. You can then repeat the test at 24-28 weeks if your initial tests came back negative.

If you have a positive result on your glucose screening, this does not necessarily mean you have gestational diabetes. This just means that you will need to follow up with a glucose tolerance test (GTT) for more information.

Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes
There are several factors that can increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes:

• Having sugar in the urine
• Being overweight prior to pregnancy (commonly defined as being 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for your size)
• Being in a high risk group including Native American, Asian, Hispanic or Black
• A family history of diabetes
• Impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance
• Previously giving birth to a stillborn child
• Giving birth to a child over 9 pounds prior to your current pregnancy
• Having an excessive amount of amniotic fluid
• Experiencing gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy

Many who develop gestational diabetes do not have any known risk factors. Watch a video to learn about gestational diabetes:

Complications of Gestational Diabetes
For the Mother
Those that have gestational diabetes are at a higher risk of developing this condition in future pregnancies or developing type 2 diabetes as they age. Making healthy lifestyle choices, including maintaining a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise can help to reduce this risk. Working to maintain a healthy body weight after delivery can also help to reduce this risk. During pregnancy, gestational diabetes can increase your risk of high Blood Pressure, Eclampsia or Preeclampsia, conditions that cause high blood pressure and symptoms that are dangerous for both mother and the baby.

For the Baby

• Additional glucose in your bloodstream could enter the placenta which could cause your child’s Pancreas">Pancreas to produce excess insulin. This can cause your child to grow to be too large, increasing the risk that they will become wedged in the birth canal requiring a C-section and increasing their risk of injury.
• High blood sugar in the mother can also increase the risk of early labor, which can cause the baby to be delivered early. Your doctor may also recommend early delivery if the child is too large. This increases the child’s risk of respiratory diStress syndrome which can make it difficult for them to breathe. Your child may require breathing assistance until their lungs are strong enough for them to breathe on their own.
• Some babies may experience Jaundice which causes the whites of the eyes and skin to appear yellow. This is caused when the liver is not capable of breaking down bilirubin, a substance that is created when your body breaks down damaged or old red blood cells.
• Babies exposed to gestational diabetes may develop low blood sugar because they have high insulin production. This could cause severe seizures in severe episodes. Prompt feeding or intravenous glucose solutions can help return a child’s insulin levels to the proper rate.
• Children born from mothers with gestational diabetes are also at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later on in life.

What to Do with Gestational Diabetes
Your doctor will check your blood sugar every 6-12 weeks following your delivery to ensure that your glucose levels return to normal. If your tests are normal you will need to be assessed every three years for your diabetes risk. If you appear to be at risk for diabetes, your doctor will discuss a management plan for you.

How to Treat

• Check blood sugar level. While you are pregnant you will need to check your blood sugar around 4-5 times each day, including first thing in the morning and following meals to ensure it is in a healthy range. You will also need to monitor your blood sugar during labor and delivery to ensure your baby’s insulin level does not rise and cause low blood sugar following birth.
• Eat a healthy diet. Eating a healthy diet and avoiding excess weight gain during pregnancy can help to manage gestational diabetes. Focus on a diet of whole grains, fruits and vegetables while avoiding refined carbohydrates and sweets. A dietitian can help you to determine what diet is most appropriate for your unique needs.
• Keep Exercising. Exercise is also important for lowering blood sugar by moving glucose into the cells for use. Exercise also increases insulin sensitivity to ensure that your body is less likely to produce insulin to transport sugar through the body. In some cases exercise may also decrease discomfort during pregnancy and help to prepare you for delivery. Check with your doctor about what level of exercise is appropriate.
• Insulin Injections. If these methods are not sufficient, your doctor may prescribe insulin injections to help manage your blood sugar. Around 10-20 percent of women with this condition will require this treatment or oral blood sugar medication to maintain healthy blood sugar levels.
• Monitor Your Baby. Your baby will need to be monitored closely in order to ensure that they are developing at a healthy rate. If you do not go into labor by your prescribed due date, your doctor may opt to induce to reduce your risk of complications. If you are planning to breastfeed you will need to meet with your doctor to ensure you are not at risk for developing type 2 diabetes or increasing your child’s risk of this condition.

How to Prevent
Those at risk for gestational diabetes can take a few steps before attempting to become pregnant to further reduce their risk. Dropping unhealthy habits can also reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.

• Start by eating healthy foods that are low calorie and high in fiber such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Work to get a variety of foods into your diet to get plenty of nutrients.
• Staying active by getting at least 30 minutes of activities 4 days a week or more can greatly help reduce your risk of gestational diabetes. If you cannot manage a single 30 minute session due to your schedule, plot out smaller amounts of activity you can sprinkle throughout your day. You should be very cautious about losing weight while pregnant, but you can work to lose excess weight beforehand to improve the health of your pregnancy.

Herbs for Diabetes

Herbs for Diabetes Type II diabetes is the greatest health crisis facing the United States today. The federal government estimates that 12.3% of Americans over 20 have the disease, and another 37% have pre-diabetes or Metabolic Syndrome, which will lead to the condition.

The problem is serious, because Type II diabetes can quickly destroy a person’s quality of life and lead to an early death. Heart Attacks, blindness, Ulcers, wounds that do not heal, infections, disability, amputations, and Cancer are among the health problems that diabetes can lead to. A study in the journal Diabetologia indicated that having pre-diabetes can raise a person’s cancer risk by 15%.

There are some herbs for diabetes that can help people with Type II diabetes to treat their condition and those with pre-diabetes to avoid it. These herbs are not a substitute for medical care, diabetes drugs, insulin, or lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and exercise, but they can reduce the severity of the condition’s symptoms.

Top 10 Herbsfor Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes
1. Fenugreek or Methi

These seeds have long been used in Indian cuisine and in traditional Indian medicine, or Aryuveda. Studies have found that fenugreek can reduce the symptoms of metabolic syndrome, including insulin sensitivity, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar. A study found that 60 people who took that dosage showed significant improvements in blood sugar control and reduced post-meal spikes.The seeds also contain an amino acid that could boost the release of insulin and the need for diabetes drugs. The recommended dosage is 25 grams of fenugreek a day.

2. Bitter Melon

This fruit is thought to block sugar absorption in the intestines, which can keep down blood sugar levels making it one of the effective herbs for diabetes. The anti-diabetic charantin, vicine and an insulin-like compound known as polypeptide-p contained in bitter melon are helpful in reducing sugar levels. In addition, the abundant presence of vitamin A, B, C and iron can help to prevent diabetes-related complications like neuritis and defective metabolism of carbohydrates. A study in the Philippines found that men and women who took bitter melon capsules for three months had lower blood sugar levels than those taking a placebo.

3. Aloe Vera

Most of us are faMiliar with this plant as a treatment for skin problems, but its juice could help diabetics. Preliminary research indicates that regular consumption of aloe vera juice could reduce glucose (sugar) levels and dangerous fats in the blood stream. Aloe Vera also has anti-inflammatory capabilities so it can lower swelling and speed up the healing of leg wounds and ulcers, which are common in diabetics. Aloe Vera can also prevent scars after surgery and speed up the healing of wounds.

4. Gymnema Sylvestre

Another traditional treatment from Aryuveda medicine, this plant’s Hindi (Indian) name is “sugar destroyer.” This powerful herb can help lower blood sugar by boosting the activity of enzymes in cells, reducing the need for glucose. It could also stimulate the increased production of insulin, so it might prevent after meal spikes. You should be very careful with it because its side effects have not been fully studied. It could also reduce your tongue and mouth’s sensitivity to sweetness, which could reduce the cravings for sweet or sugary foods.

5. Bilberry

This fruit, which is similar to blueberries, contains powerful antioxidants or anthocyanidins that could prevent damage to tiny blood vessels. The damage to such blood vessels is what creates the nerve damage often associated with diabetes. It could also help prevent blindness and damage to the eyes by protecting the retina. There are some studies that suggest bilberry could also reduce blood sugar levels. Both the fruit and the leaves have been shown to contain the anthocyanidins.

6. Prickly Pear Cactus

This herb can be consumed either as an extract or as a food. It is often available in Mexican grocery stores in the United States. Studies have shown that the ripe fruit of the cactus can reduce blood sugar levels because it contains chemicals similar to insulin. Experts recommend that you eat one half cup of cooked cactus a day for the best effects. Juice and extracts made from the cactus are also available. The food or juice might be more effective because it is easier to digest.

7. Ginseng

Most of us know this traditional Chinese herb as an infection fighter and immune system fighter; it could also be effective against diabetes. Studies show that ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption, increase cells’ ability to absorb glucose, and reduce insulin secretion. Some studies indicate it could reduce glucose levels by 15% to 20%. Ginseng’s immune system-boosting abilities can also help diabetics that are highly at risk for infections. Simply adding ginseng to your diet could help reduce the effects of diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

8. Garlic

Like ginseng, garlic is known as an infection fighter, but it also contains a chemical called allicin, which can lower blood sugar levels, increase levels of good cholesterol, and speed up healing. A study in The Journal of Medicinal Food indicates that garlic raised insulin levels and lowered sugar absorption. A study in The Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry states that garlic can protect the heart from the effects of diabetes. Like ginseng, garlic can also help diabetics by strengthening the immune system and reducing the risk of infection making it one of the helpful herbs for diabetes.

9. Tulsi Leaf (Holy Basil) Tea

A tea made from tulsi or holy basil leaves has been shown to lower blood sugar levels. The tea can also be used to control Stress and to treat mental problems such as Anxiety, which can Plague diabetics. That means it could be an effective treatment for the mood swings associated with sugar crashes and insulin spikes. Holy basil or tulsi is a slightly different kind of basil that can be found in health food stores. The tea might be easier for persons to digest than some other supplements. There is also some evidence to suggest that chamomile tea could also help reduce blood sugar levels.

10. Cinnamon

Even though it is best known as a flavoring, cinnamon is also a powerful herb. Like a number of herbs, it has been shown to lower blood sugar levels. It is also known to control mental instabilities that can result from changes in blood sugar levels. The best use of cinnamon, though, is as an alternative flavoring for sugar and artificial sweeteners. It can be used in tea, recipes, and coffee. Make sure you use pure cinnamon rather than cinnamon powder.

This video shows some other herbs for diabetes that can be effective treatments for the symptoms of diabetes:

Type 2 Diabetes Diet

Type 2 Diabetes Diet If you are at risk or have Type 2 diabetes, your diet is about to drastically change. For the better! The Type 2 diabetes diet focuses on getting out of the fast food and carbohydrate "rut." It focuses on introducing more whole and healthy foods that your body will need to manage this condition.

Putting diet as a priority is the most significant thing in your treatment. It is important to come up with a sensible plan for eating to stabilize blood sugars and prevent complications from the disease. Read on to see how to work this diet into your lifestyle!

Purpose of Type 2 Diabetes Diet


When you start showing signs of Type 2 diabetes, you will need your doctor to send you to see a registered dietician to come up with a healthy eating plan. Often this can reduce symptoms of pre-diabetes or bring blood sugars under control if you already have diabetes.

In Type 2 diabetes, excessive amounts of calories and fat intake can increase blood sugar levels. If this is not brought under control, you may experience severe complications and even long-term damage to the body's vital organs, nerves and blood vessels.

The purpose of a Type 2 diabetes diet is eating the right foods to help keep your blood sugar levels stable, maintain a healthy weight and prevent long-term complications. It really is like the "Holy Grail" of diabetes!

Type 2 Diabetes Diet
A recent diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes or if you have been told you are at risk for diabetes means you should see a registered dietician early in the game. They will help you compose a meal plan best suited to your needs; lifestyle, weight, and health goals. They know diabetes diets best and can give you needed information on how to eat healthy. Here are some of the guidelines for healthy eating with diabetes.

Food You Should Have
Use your daily calorie allowance to get the best food possible.

High Fiber Foods

Fiber slows down digestion and the conversion of starches to glucose. High fiber foods are also good for the heart and help to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. These includenuts, beans, whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, fruits and vegetables that are high in fiber.

Low-Fat Fish

Try to eat low-fat fish at least twice weekly. Tuna, cod and halibut are lower in fat and cholesterol than red meat and chicken. For an added benefit, eat fish high in Omega-3 fatty acids like salmon, mackerel and bluefish. This can further improve heart health. Avoid high mercury fish like swordfish, tilefish and king mackerel.

Healthy Fats

Monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are good for lowering cholesterol. Eat modest amounts of avocado, pecans, almonds, walnuts, olive and olive oils but not too often because of the calories.

These are just a few examples of diabetic friendly foods. Your dietician knows best and always consult your doctor before starting a new eating plan.

Food You Should Avoid
Since diabetes puts you at higher risk for Heart disease, you will want to keep your diet very heart friendly. Here are some foods you should try to avoid with diabetes.

Saturated and Trans Fats

Try not to eat meat and dairy products that are high in these unhealthy fats. Avoid saturated fats like bacon, sausages, high-fat red meat and hot dogs. Stay away from Trans fats like stick margarine, shortening, commercial baked goods and processed snack foods. Limit these two fats to no more than 7% of your daily fats.

Sodium

Try to keep sodium intake to 2,300mg or less daily.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is found in high-fat foods from animal products, egg yolks, liver, shellfish and organ meat. Try to keep your cholesterol intake up to 300mg daily.

Simple Carbohydrates

When it comes to carbohydrates, anything made from white flour, white rice, and white flesh potatoes are simple carbohydrates and tend to spike the blood sugar the most. Aim for wheat flour, brown rice and sweet potatoes. Sweet potatoes are very high in fiber.

Sweets

Eat only sparing amounts of cookies, cakes, ice cream or candy a few times a week. If you find something affects your blood sugar adversely, probably a good idea is to avoid it altogether.

Here is an informative video with more information on the diabetic diet:

Count Calories
Nobody wants to count calories, but with diabetes it is a must-do! It doesn't have to be hard or take a lot of your time, so here is a calorie guideline.

1,200 to 1,600 calories per day

This range is for small statured women or women who would like to lose weight,and for medium statured women who do not exercise.

1,600 to 2,000 calories per day

This range is helpful for larger women who would like to lose weight. This is the calorie range for small men of healthy weight and size or men of medium stature who do not exercise. It is also a good range for medium or larger size men who would like to lose weight.

2,000 to 2,400 calories per day

This is the acceptable range for medium to large men who exercise. It is also a good range for larger sized men and women who do exercise regularly.

Using the Glycemic Index
The glycemic index is a new popular way to plan your diabetic diet. If the foods are registered high on the glycemic index, they are more likely to cause blood sugar spikes. If they are low in the glycemic index, they are less likely to spike blood sugar. This can really help with planning meals and knowing what you should eat more or less.

Low Glycemic Index Foods:Complex carbohydrates includes high fiber fruits and vegetables, sweet potatoes, cherries, whole grain breads, and brown rice.

High Glycemic Index Foods:These are foods that have more simple carbohydrates and should be eaten sparingly like white flour, white rice, low-fiber fruits and vegetables and red potatoes.

Sample Menus for Type 2 Diabetes Diet
1400 Calorie Diet

Breakfast	A.M. Snack	Lunch	Afternoon Snack	Dinner
1 cup skim milk 1 small banana 1 ½ cups bran cereal	1 granola bar (fruit/nut)	Greek salad with chicken 2 sLice whole wheat bread Sugar-Free popsicle	2 cups air popped Popcorn	Spring mix salad with vinaigrette Cajun shrimp ½ cup couscous 1 medium peach

1800 Calorie Diet

Breakfast	A.M. Snack	Lunch	Afternoon Snack	Dinner
1 cup 1% Milk 1 cups whole grain flakes 1 kiwi	1 ounce dried fruit ½ ounce walnuts	1 cup tossed salad mix 4 teaspoons vinegar & oil salad dressing 1 ounce oyster crackers 1 cup honeydew melon Tilapia corn chowder	1 cup 1% milk 1 cup blackberries	1 cup cooked brown rice ½ cup steamed asparagus Chicken breasts with mushroom cream sauce 1 medium mango

2000 Calorie Diet

Breakfast	A.M. Snack	Lunch	Afternoon Snack	Dinner
1 cup 1% milk 1 whole grain oat bran bagel 1 tablespoon sugar-free jam 1 ½tbsp. creamy peanut butter	¾cup low fat, low sodium cottage cheese 1 mediumorange	King crab & potato salad 1 small whole-wheat pita bread 1 cup watermelon 1 cup 1% milk	6 ounces low fat vanilla yogurt	1 whole-wheat roll ¾ cup cooked brown rice 1 cup steamed cauliflower Thai chicken satay with spicy peanut sauce 1 cup papaya

Exercise for Diabetes Patient

Exercise for Diabetes Patient Exercise for diabetes patient treatment plans can help them control blood sugar levels and complement a healthy diet and medications. If you suffer from Type 2 diabetes, adding exercise increases your chances of staying healthy longer and prevents long-term complications including Heart disease, kidney disease and damage to delicate nerves. Read on to see some of the best exercises diabetics can add as part of their treatment plan to stay healthy and fit.

What Are the Benefits of Exercise for Diabetes Patient?
People with diabetes tend to have lower blood glucose levels if they exercise. Type 2 diabetes causes people to have too much glucose in their blood. This is caused by not enough insulin or their body is resistant to the insulin they produce. Whatever the cause, exercising regular helps lower glucose levels. During exercise the muscles can use the excess glucose for energy, which in turn lowers glucose. If you have a problem with insulin resistance, exercising makes your body respond better to it. This also helps the cells in the body use glucose properly.

Exercising regularly with Type 2 diabetes can help you avoid long-term complications. It can help prevent heart disease by reducing the incidence of blocked arteries. This is the main cause of Heart Attacks and exercise can improve heart health. It can also help reduce cholesterol levels-one of the main causes of blocked arteries.

Best Exercise for Diabetes Patient
Take a Daily Walk


Walking is good for the body. It is a gentle easy exercise that can raise the heart rate and help burn calories, blood sugar and get blood flowing. Brisk walking is considered aerobic and the American Diabetes Association recommends aerobic exercise at least 3 times weekly.

Do Tai Chi


This relaxing exercise is just going through a routine of different movements. It helps keep the body fit and reduces Stress levels. This type of exercise can help maintain good balance and may even possibly prevent damage to delicate nerves.

Try Yoga


Yoga is low impact on the body and gentle, but does really pack a punch when it comes to lowering blood sugar levels. You can do yoga daily to help improve insulin sensitivity, improve blood flow to the delicate nerves, and reduce stress.

Go For a Swim


Swimming is one of the best aerobic exercises that can get your heart pumping without strain to the joints. It also takes the stress off the feet that are prone to injuries due to nerve damage.

Ride a Stationary Bike


This aerobic exercise can improve the function of both the lungs and the heart. This is an exercise you can do year round in the comfort of your gym or own home. It really helps get the blood pumping all the way down to the legs, where you need it most. The blood vessels in the legs tend to have the most damage and need good blood flow.

Do Some Housecleaning


If you have trouble finding time for a regular exercise routine, just step up your housecleaning. Things like vacuuming, going up and down your stairs, mopping, and even gardening can help burn calories and reduce blood sugar levels.

What Should You Do Before Exercise?
If you have Type 2 diabetes and want to start working an exercise routine into your day, you have made a great step towards good health. However, you still need to discuss this with your doctor before you start.

• Ask your doctor.Your doctor needs to do a thorough physical exam to check your heart and Blood Pressure, especially if your arteries are already blocked. You also need to get checked for diabetic eye disease and any nerve damage in the extremities. Referral to a diabetic educator can help you make an exercise plan.


• Set some goals for yourself. It is harder on your body to give 100% effort if you have not exercised regularly. You will need to start small and at a slower pace and work up to a full workout so your body can get used to exercise.


• Always check your blood sugar before and after exercise. You wouldn’t want to start exercising with a low blood sugar and drop it even further. On the flipside, you will want to see how exercise affects high blood sugar levels. Keep them in your blood sugar logs and mark exercise next to them.

Make sure you drink plenty of water before, during and after exercise and keep a snack handy in case your blood sugar drops too low.

What Should You Do After Exercise?
Exercising can drop your blood sugar. You will want to monitor your blood sugar for a little while after exercise. While this can be a really good thing because the increased activity will use up any glucose reserves in your muscles and liver. During the recovery phase after exercise, your body only has the glucose in the blood until the reserves are built back up. You can experience the symptoms of low blood sugar for up to a few hours.

If your blood sugar is low, eat a snack like crackers and cheese with fruit, a peanut butter sandwich or juice with a small amount of protein. Adding protein can help prevent your blood sugar from spiking back up too fast.

You need exercise with diabetes, but taking good care of yourself before and after can help prevent any complications.

When Should You Stop Exercising?
If you are exercising and you feel low blood sugar symptoms, stop and check your blood sugar. Even if you do not have symptoms, monitor blood glucose levels every 30 minutes of exercise. You should stop the exercise routine if the following occur:

• Blood glucose drops below 70mg/dl


• You have symptoms of hypoglycemia, such as weak, sweaty, shaky, mental confusion or dizzy

For a blood sugar rescue, choose one of the following:

• Take one glucose tablets and re-check in 10 minutes. If you are still low, use another and re-check.


• Drink ½ cup orange or apple juice


• Drink ½ cup regular full-sugar soft drink


• Eat a few pieces of hard candy

Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Type 2 diabetes treatment is important to maintain health and prevent complication. This form of diabetes comes on in adulthood and is not dependent on insulin. This condition is chronic and related to how your body reacts to sugar, which is needed to give the cells energy. The body's cells are resistant to insulin, the hormone produced by the Pancreas">Pancreas to help glucose get into the cells. Some cases of Type 2 diabetes are from the pancreas not producing enough insulin.

Complications can arise from long-term high blood sugar that is poorly managed. These include eye disease and blindness, kidney disease and failure, cardiac complications, and amputations. If you have diabetes you are five times more likely to suffer from the above complications. Treatment for diabetes can help lower the risk of complications.

Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes responds best to lifestyle management. If you have been diagnosed, the first line of treatment is the following Weight Loss if needed, healthy diet and adding exercise. You will need to check your blood sugar levels by finger stick method periodically during the day and keep a log. If your doctor notices that your blood sugar is not well controlled with diet and exercise you may be prescribed an oral medication that will help your body respond to or make insulin better. If you don't respond to that, you may eventually need insulin injections.

Eat A Healthy Diet


Eating a high fiber low-fat diet can help prevent you from getting Type 2 diabetes. It can also help keep blood sugar more stable if you do develop the disease. Other dietary changes you need to make are:

• Eat more whole grain breads, cereal, beans, fruits and vegetables to increase fiber


• Drink non-fat milk and low-fat dairy products


• Eat plenty of fish and lean meats. Stay away from high-fat meats, processed meats, hot dogs and sausages


• Tray baking, steaming or grilling foods instead of frying


• Try to stay away from high-fat foods. Mayonnaise, potato chips, pastries and donuts are all high in fat and carbohydrates


• Eat plenty of nuts, fruit, cut up veggies and yogurt for snacks

Watch the video to see how to eat a healthy diet with diabetes:

Lose Weight


You are at risk for Type2 diabetes or you may have a hard time in controlling your blood sugar if your BMI "Body Mass Index" is over 30. This is considered overweight. Try to keep your weight down by lowering your calorie intake slowly. You should try to lose 5% to 10% of your body weight over a year's time. Healthy weight ranges are:

• BMI 18.5 to 24.9 (Average Population)


• BMI 18.5 to 22.9 (Asian Population)

It is helpful to find a program that has structure and designed for successful weight loss. You can also contact a nutritionist, diabetic educator or dietician for help.

Start an Exercise Program


Everybody needs exercise for good health. Kids and adults should get regular exercise even if they don't have diabetes. For diabetics, exercise is part of the treatment plan and can help the body use excess blood sugar. Kids and adults who are overweight and have Type 2 diabetes have less activity and need to add exercise to help control the condition.

When you exercise, it can improve how your body responds to the insulin you produce. It also helps burn fat and calories and use excess blood sugar for energy. Exercising to lose weight and control blood sugar is healthier than lowering food intake.

Exercise can reduce the risk of complications from diabetes and other medical conditions like high cholesterol, high Blood Pressure, Heart disease. It can also help improve quality of life.

Ways to fit in extra physical activity include joining a gym, taking your dog for a walk, housecleaning, swimming, and yoga classes.

Monitor Blood Sugar


It is important to check blood sugar levels often to help keep them under control. Checking then can help you know how you are doing with your treatment plan and monitor yourself from becoming too high or too low.

You need to test your blood sugar levels throughout the day to see how food and exercise affect your levels. Your diabetic educator will give you the best times to check. This will also help you make sure that any medications you are taking are not dropping your blood sugar too much. This is known as "hypoglycemia" and can be very dangerous. Blood sugar that is too high can also be very dangerous and lead to a life-threatening condition known as "Diabetic Ketoacidosis."

Diabetics generally check their blood sugar at these times:

• First thing in the morning, prior to breakfast


• Before lunch


• Before dinner


• Before bedtime

If you are experiencing illness or have had a medication change, exposed to Stress or lifestyle change you may need to check more often. People who are on an insulin pump may also need to check blood sugar more frequently. Newly diagnosed diabetics, especially those on medication or insulin, need to monitor blood sugar very closely.

Take Medications and Insulin Therapy


It is possible for some Type 2 diabetics to control blood sugar with diet and exercise. If blood sugar cannot be controlled, your doctor may put you on oral diabetic medications listed below.

Metformin (Glucophage)

This is the most popular and first line of treatment for Type 2 diabetes. It helps your body respond better to the insulin produced by the pancreas. It also reduces the amount of glucose made by your liver. Side effects include stomach upset and Diarrhea.

Sulfonylureas (Glucotrol)

This type of medication increases the amount of insulin your body makes. Side effects include weight gain and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

Insulin

Insulin may be used if blood sugars cannot be controlled with oral diabetic medications. Injection is the only way for the body to absorb insulin. There are a few different types of insulin depending on your needs:

• Regular Insulin (Humalog). Rapid acting so must be taken just before a meal.


• Slow Acting (Humulin). This type of insulin is usually given twice daily and lasts for up to 12 hours.


• Long Acting (Lantus). This type is only given once per day and lasts up to 24 hours.

You and your doctor can decide which medication will work the best. Make sure you ask plenty of questions about how to take diabetic medications. Always take these medications on time as directed and check your blood sugar on a regular basis and keep a blood sugar log.

Operate Surgical Procedures


Doctors may recommend Bariatric Surgery if your BMI is over 35. It has been found that 55% to 95% of diabetics that have bariatric surgery experience normal blood sugars after surgery. There are some risks to surgery including recovery time, financial setbacks, and possible death. Long-term complications are Osteoporosis and nutritional deficiencies. In addition, surgery needs to be followed up with a healthy diet, lifestyle changes, and adequate vitamin intake.

Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes Insipidus For the most part, when the word "diabetes" comes up in conversation, it is usually about the condition where the blood sugar is elevated. This is also known as Diabetes mellitus. Interesting enough the word "diabetes" by itself stands for too much urine production and the name on the end is the actual condition. Diabetes mellitus causes increased urine production because the body is trying to rid itself of excess sugar. There is another diabetes condition where someone does not have excess sugar, but still produces more urine than normal and this is known as diabetes insipidus.

Diabetes insipidus is caused by a defective hormone or receptor and makes the body produce too much urine. It can cause Dehydration if left untreated. Read on to learn more about this condition.

What Is Diabetes Insipidus?


When you have diabetes insipidus, your Kidneys cannot regulate the water balance in your body. They tend to lose too much urine and they fail to concentrate it. When you pass too much urine, it is known as, polyuria. Your body tries to compensate, making you thirstier. In diabetes insipidus, your balance of sodium and potassium are disturbed and you can become dehydrated very easily. It is important to understand that diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are in no way related and are two completely different conditions.

What Are the Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?
Symptoms of diabetes insipidus include:

• Very thirsty


• Urinating large volumes of urine that is not concentrated (2 liters per day up to 20 liters per day), while the average person urinates between 1.5 and 2.5 liters per day


• Needing to urinate during the night (Nocturia">Nocturia)


• Bedwetting

If you suspect DI in a child, they may have the following symptoms:

• Severe fussiness and crying


• Large amounts of wet diapers or wetting through diapers constantly


• Chronic fevers, Diarrhea and vomiting


• Cool extremities and dry skin


• Slow growth rate


• Weight Losses instead of gains

Complications
Excessive urination can cause complications in the body and they can set in fairly quickly. If you have any of the following complications, you should seek medical attention.

Electrolyte Imbalance

If you have diabetes insipidus, the constant urination can "wash-out" important electrolytes like sodium and potassium and this can be life threatening. Symptoms of low electrolytes are:

• Weakness, fatigue and lethargy


• Pain in the muscles


• Irritable mood


• Nausea


• Poor appetite

Dehydration

Even though you are drinking excessive fluids, you are losing them with excessive urination and the body is unable to retain needed fluids. This leads to dehydration and the symptoms include:

• Rapid weight loss (over 5 pounds in one to two days)


• Fast heartbeat


• Sunken eyes


• Fever


• Headache


• Mouth dryness


• Weak muscles


• High sodium in the blood


• Low Blood Pressure

Any of the above symptoms could be life threatening. Call your doctor immediately or go to your nearest emergency room.

When to See a Doctor
If you're constantly thirsty and urinating more than normal, you should make an appointment with your doctor. Normal urination is about 4 to 7 times a day. While children may urinate more often because of small bladders, they usually urinate about 10 times a day.

What Are the Causes & Risk Factors of Diabetes Insipidus?
The reason for the urine dysfunction in the body may come from a few different places in the body. Here are the different types of diabetes insipidus with their causes.

Type	Causes
Central Diabetes Insipidus	This type is caused by a problem rooted in the pituitary gland in the brain. The pituitary gland produces anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) that helps to regulate fluid balance in the body. In central diabetes insipidus the production and release of ADH is altered in some way. It could be caused by a head injury, swelling in the brain, pituitary Tumor or lack of blood flow to the pituitary gland.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus	This type of DI actually comes from the kidneys when they cannot respond properly to ADH. Medications such as tetracycline or lithium can cause this. Other conditions like high calcium in the blood, polycystic kidney disease and Sickle Cell Anemia can also affect the kidneys. It can also be caused by rare genetic kidney disease.
Gestational Diabetes Insipidus	In the gestational form of this disorder, the placenta makes a certain enzyme that competes against ADH. The job of the placenta is to nourish the baby and remove waste to filter out through the mother's kidneys. In gestational diabetes insipidus this process is somewhat interrupted, but it is hard to determine why.
Dipsogenic Diabetes Insipidus	This is when the thirst mechanism in the brain malfunctions and makes you extra thirsty. It is believed to sometimes be caused by Mental Illness or an inflammatory disorder known as Sarcoidosis.

Risk Factors
There are a few risk factors for diabetes insipidus. While it doesn't mean that you will actually get it, if you have had any of the following you might be predisposed to the condition:

• Kidney disease (Kidney Stones, Kidney Failure or other kidney malfunctions)


• Brain surgery


• Head injury


• Brain infection


• Diabetes Insipidus in the family

What Are the Treatments for Diabetes Insipidus?
Treatments are different for each form of Diabetes Insipidus. Here are the treatments according to the type:

Type	Treatments
Central Diabetes Insipidus	Since this is an actual lack of anti-diuretic hormone, the synthetic version, desmopressin is given via nasal spray, shots or pills by mouth. The hormone replacement helps to stop excessive urination. Surgery can also be performed i.e. removal of any tumors. If DI is mild, the treatment only involves drinking extra fluids.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus	Since this type is located in the kidneys, taking synthetic ADH would not help and could make you sicker. Treatment consists of a low-salt diet so the kidneys don't make as much urine. This type requires increased fluid intake and the doctor may prescribe hydrochlorothiazide, a drug that can possibly reduce urine production in those who have diabetes insipidus. Medication related nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may be treated by changing medications or stopping the offending drug. This should only be done under a doctor's supervision.
Gestational Diabetes Insipidus	Gestational diabetes insipidus can often be treated with the synthetic hormone, desmopressin. If the condition is related to the thirst mechanism during pregnancy, the hormone will not be prescribed.
Primary Polydipsia	This type of diabetes insipidus can only be treated by decreasing the amount of fluids taken in. If the condition is related to a mental condition, psychiatric treatment may be needed.

Watch this informative video on diabetes insipidus:

Diabetes Weight Loss : Best Weight Loss Diet For Diabetes

Diabetes Weight Loss : Best Weight Loss Diet For Diabetes






High blood sugar or diabetes is a condition wherein your body fails to produce the required quantity of insulin needed. It is a metabolic disorder that occurs to people whose cells are not in a position to use the insulin secreted or in those insulin is not secreted in required volumes. Blood sugar level increases sharply for diabetic people causing lot of health issues and damaging vital organs like heart, kidney, lungs and brain. You are at risk of several complications and hence it is very much important to maintain your weight. Losing weight for diabetic people can be more challenging than others.

Choosing the right diet is vital for everyone who is health conscious, but for diabetic people eating wrong diet can increase their risk significantly causing more complications. To begin with, the risk of diabetes increases considerably if you are obese and overweight. According to CDC of USA, people with body mass index of 25 or more are categorized as overweight. As more and more people become obese, diabetic population increases considerably.

As of now 68% of adults in the US are either overweight or obese and this accounts for about 2/3rd of population. Almost 3 out of 4 men are obese or overweight according to the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney diseases.

Who Are At Risk ?

Any person who is overweight or obese is at significant risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Your risk increases if you are physically inactive or if you have a family history of diabetes, or if you have high Blood Pressure/cholesterol, or if you have cardiovascular disease. Losing just 5% of weight can prevent you from diabetes and for that you need to be active and control your diet.

Don’t Avoid Eating :

There are some people who think by avoiding breakfast or lunch they can reduce weight. This theory is worse than you think. By fasting you are actually worsening the metabolic condition of your body. It is very much vital for people with diabetes to eat frequently in smaller portions. You can even eat 6 or 7 times a day instead of sticking on to 3 times meal a day.

Eat Right :

Firstly, you should know what foods to avoid before getting to know what you should eat. There is no specific “diet” for people with diabetes according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics but they should definitely know the impact of certain foods on their metabolism.

Eating a nutritious balanced diet can help in preventing diabetes and promoting weight loss, if you have not still developed diabetes. You can always take steps to reduce the risk at least now. Maintaining your weight at healthy level can make a big difference.

Recommendations Of ADC :

The American Diabetes Association has recommended the following foods for people with diabetes.

• High protein foods like beans, nuts, eggs and poultry and fishes like salmon, tuna etc. can be taken. Fruits and vegetables like berries, broccoli, kale, asparagus, collard greens and okra can be included. Dairy products like nonfat milk or low fat


• Yogurt can be taken. Whole grains like brown rice and whole wheat pasta can be included.

Food To Be Avoided :

Certain foods can cause sudden spikes of blood sugar in diabetic people and hence such foods should be avoided. This include full fat dairy products, processed grains, fruits with sweeteners and canned fruits, and fried items and foods made of refined flour.

DASH Diet :

DASH is the short form of Dietary Approach Stop Hypertension which goes well for diabetic people also. Healthy vegetable oils, low fat dairy foods and lean protein can be taken daily. Total sodium (common salt) intake should not be more than 1000 mg per day.

Mediterranean Diet :

This diet is also healthy for people planning for diabetic weight loss diet. This includes foods rich in oleic acid that helps in reducing glucose levels and weight. Here again recommendations come in the form of protein foods like salmon and eggs, fruits and vegetables, beans and nuts and healthy fats like olive oil and almonds.

Paleolithic Diet :

This diet includes protein rich foods like meat and poultry, plant based foods like vegetables and fruits that contain less starch and healthy fats like coconut oil and olive oil.

Exercise :

Doing regular exercises like walking or workouts in gym is good for people with diabetes. Aerobic exercise would help in reducing blood sugar levels considerably. You need to consult your GP if you have additional complications like cardiovascular problems before starting any workouts. You can see improvements in blood glucose level if you are dieting alongside exercising.

Losing Little Weight :

Even losing little weight can help you in long way. Set realistic goals while planning for diabetic weight loss. Be choosy in your diet and it is good to check with your dietician for healthy weight-loss. You need to realize that it is the starchy carbohydrates that increase the blood glucose level and reduce it considerably or try to avoid it. Losing little weight also can boost up your mood and motivates you to lose more weight.

Stomach Fat :

If you observe diabetic people, you can see most of them are obese having rich belly fat. Abdomen region is loaded with fats when compared with hips and thighs. Ideal waistline for woman is about 35 inches or less and for average adult men it is 40 inches.

Healthy Foods For Diabetic Weight Loss :

• Fats (unsaturated) like olive oil, fish oils and flax seed oil contain monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats. These are good for health helping in lowering blood glucose and cholesterol.


• Any fruits and vegetables (excepting canned ones) are good for diabetes. Eat fresh fruits chewing it slowly instead of juicing it. Fruits with high sugar content like mango, pineapple, pears and bananas can be taken in small quantities.


• Whole grains like whole wheat bread, whole oats, brown rice, whole rye, barley and buckwheat are healthy for diabetic weight loss.


• Fish variety like turkey, salmon and tuna can be taken, once or twice a week.


• Protein rich foods like eggs, low fat dairy and low fat yogurt are good for diabetes.

Foods To Avoid :

• Packaged foods, processed foods, baked items, sweets (of any kind), fried items, white bread, refined rice or pastas, processed and red meat are to be consumed in very less quantity or fully avoided.


• The real culprit is the carbohydrates since it can increase blood glucose level sharply. Reduce or avoid carb rich foods like white rice, white bread and pasta. Slow release carbohydrate foods can be take in smaller quantities since they are digested slowly keeping you satiated for extended time.


• Select and eat foods that have low glycemic index like whole grains, legumes and low starch fruits and vegetables if you have diabetes.

Hypoglycemia Without Diabetes

Hypoglycemia Without Diabetes

Hypoglycemia is otherwise known as the constant presence of low blood sugar levels. This is common in people who have been diagnosed with diabetes. However, a number of people also suffer from hypoglycemia without being diagnosed with diabetes. This article will go over the symptoms suffered by those who have hypoglycemia without having diabetes, the causes of this condition, its process of diagnosis, and the available treatments.

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia Without Diabetes
The symptoms of hypoglycemia in people who are not also suffering from diabetes can vary according to the intensity of drops in the blood sugar levels. Symptoms associated with three levels of hypoglycemia can be experienced.

Mild hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar level has not dropped drastically. Symptoms of this condition include feeling hungry or having the urge to throw up. Mild hypoglycemia can also make you feel nervous and jittery. The heartbeat may become faster and accompanied by sweat. In some cases, the skin might get very cold.

Moderate hypoglycemia includes the symptoms of mild hypoglycemia, in addition to other more specific symptoms, including feeling short-tempered and getting angry or irritated easily, feeling afraid and even confused, blurry vision and difficulty keeping balance while walking.

Severe hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar levels drop drastically. This is a very serious condition. Symptoms include passing out, seizures, or even coma and death if immediate medical attention is not sought.

Causes of Hypoglycemia Without Diabetes
1. Medication
There are some prescription medicines that can result in the lowering of blood glucose levels. If you accidentally take someone else’s diabetes medicines, you will experience a drop in the blood sugar levels. People taking medications for Kidney Failure may experience hypoglycemia. Some medicines used to treat common illnesses, such as Malaria, also cause hypoglycemia.

2. Medical Disorders
Some serious illnesses can cause low blood sugar, particularly diseases of the kidney and liver. Hepatitis is a prime example. Some people suffer from insulinoma, a Tumor of the Pancreas, which results in an overproduction of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia.

3. Hormonal Imbalance
Another cause of hypoglycemia is a deficiency of hormones that regulate the production and distribution of glucose in the bloodstream. Children who have such hormone deficiencies are more prone to hypoglycemia than adults.

4. Other Causes
People who drink heavily may experience reduced liver function, which in turn will lead to lower blood glucose levels. Starvation is another cause of hypoglycemia.

Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia Without Diabetes
Once medical help is sought, some tests will be carried out to determine the extent and type of hypoglycemia being suffered from. Below are the tests that will then be carried out:

1. Fasting Test
The patient will be advised to fast for 72 hours. Solid foods as well as drinks other than water cannot be consumed during this period of time. If the patient is already taking certain medications, he or she will be allowed to continue taking them. After 72 hours, a blood test will be given in order to measure the blood sugar levels. The fasting ensures that the drop in blood sugar levels is not due to the patient’s diet but the result of some internal body issues.

2. Mixed Meals Test
In this test, the physician or doctor will give the patient a meal that is known to contribute to the lowering of blood sugar levels. After a while, the patient’s blood samples will be drawn to see if there are any significant changes in blood sugar levels.

3. Other Blood Tests
Other blood tests will be used to determine if any underlying medical conditions exist.

Treatments for Hypoglycemia Without Diabetes
1. Dietary Changes
For long-term treatment of hypoglycemia, dietary changes are essential. Doctors recommend consuming small meals at close intervals during the whole day. Consider having six meals a day, instead of three. Also consider increasing your intake of protein while limiting carbohydrate. One helpful thing to remember: never eat carbohydrates alone. Always pair them with proteins so that your blood sugar levels can be kept more stable after you eat. Finally, make sure you add fiber to your diet. Soluble fiber is the key, as it helps neutralize your body’s glycemic response after each meal. Soluble fibers are included in flaxseeds, oats, okra and apple.

2. Medications
Your doctor will prescribe the right form medicine according to the result of your tests and the exact cause of your condition. If the hypoglycemia is due to the medications you're taking, the doctor may suggest a change in dose or suggest you another medication.

3. Surgery
If it is discovered that the hypoglycemia is the result of a tumor, for example that on the pancreas, surgery will be required. If the tumor is malignant, further radiation treatment may also be required.

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus occurs when there is a decrease in the production of insulin by the Pancreas, or the cell does not respond to the insulin present in the body, also known as insulin resistance. Due to this, the body is unable to absorb glucose by the cells.

The 3 main types of diabetes are:

• Type 1 diabetes or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, where insulin is not produced in the body and the person is required to take insulin injections


• Type 2 diabetes occurs due to insulin resistance, where the insulin present in the body is not effectively utilized


• Gestational diabetes is when diabetes affects a pregnant woman, who did not have it earlier.

Some other types of diabetes are Cystic Fibrosis related diabetes, congenital diabetes, diabetes induced due to high doses of glucocorticoids and monogenic diabetes.

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes

1. Risk for Infection
Symptoms:

Infection can be caused due to high glucose levels, changes in circulation or decrease in functioning of leukocytes. Existing UTI or respiratory infection can also be a risk factor.

Nursing interventions

• Observe for signs of infection or inflammation.


• Ensure good hygiene is maintained.


• Rotate IV sites and maintain aSepsis.


• Provide skin care and keep skin dry.


• Administer antibiotics as required.

2. Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition
The nutritional needs of the body are not met and are less than the requirements.

Symptoms:

• Insulin deficiency


• Reduced intake of food or fluids, which can be caused due to Anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, gastric fullness or altered consciousness


• Stress hormones can also get released


• Weight Loss, weakness, Diarrhea, dilute urine, frequent urination, and fatigue, etc.

Nursing interventions:

• Weigh the patient daily, get dietary recall and compare with current intake of food.


• Check bowel sounds and make reports of any abdominal discomfort, vomiting and diarrhea.


• Check for any signs or symptoms of hypoglycemia and perform glucose testing.


• Administer glucose and insulin, if required.


• Diet should consist of 60% carbs, 20% from protein and fats.

3. Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception
There are changes in mental state and disturbances in the visual and tactile perception.

Symptoms:

Changes in the mental state can result in losing orientation and can happen due to imbalance of electrolytes or glucose and insulin.

Nursing interventions:

• Monitor mental status and other vital signs.


• Reorient to time, place, name by speaking slowly and clearly.


• Make them participate in daily activities.


• Monitor blood parameters – glucose levels, Hb/Hct, BUN/Cr.


• Ensure there is cluster nursing time and schedule fixed.

4. Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume
The urine output can reduce during diabetes and it can have other repercussions.

Symptoms:

• Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, confusion


• Dry skin, poor skin turgor


• Hypotension, sudden weight loss


• Tachycardia, weakness, excessive thirst

Nursing interventions:

• Monitor vital stats like Blood Pressure, respiratory rate and pattern, temperature, weight.


• Maintain fluid intake and monitor output.


• Ensure comfortable environment.

5. Risk for Activity Intolerance
Nursing diagnosis for diabetes includes intolerance to activities which are related to muscle weakness.

Symptoms:

• Tiredness, inability to perform daily activities


• High pulse rate, high blood pressure


• Decreased muscle strength

Nursing interventions:

• The muscle weakness is different in body parts, hence the muscle strength should be determined in muscles, eye movement, chewing action, cough reflex, swallowing, talking, etc.


• Check the muscle strength before and after administration of medication


• Breaks should be given intermittently and surroundings should be quiet.


• Encourage the patients in actively participating in the treatment regime.

6. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
Being immobilized can affect the skin, causing sores or rashes. Diabetic neuropathy can also result in skin disorders. This is important from a nursing diagnosis for diabetes point of view.

Symptoms:

• Wounds that take long time to heal


• Changes in the wound, etc.

Nursing interventions:

• Check the type and characteristics of the wound.


• If the wound has secretions, check them as well.


• Keep the wound clean with sterile gauze and dress it well.


• Ensure there is no pressure on the wound.

Type 1 Diabetes Complications

Type 1 Diabetes Complications

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by a smaller production of insulin or no insulin at all. This condition is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes. Insulin is a hormone necessary to allow the glucose to enter the cells to create energy. Type 1 diabetes affects the entire body including the heart, blood vessels, eyes, nerves, kidneys and other organs. Long-term complications tend to develop gradually, over the decades, sometimes being even life-threatening. Keeping the glucose levels close to normal as much as possible can helpreduce the risk of having long-term complications.

Type 1 Diabetes Complications
Some of the common complications include:

1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
It is a life-threatening complication of diabetes due to a complete lack of insulin, which leads to theproduction of ketones (blood acids). Ketones are caused by fat breakdown that tend to build up in the blood and urine. Diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to coma and death. Characteristic signs and symptoms includefatigue, dry mouth, dry and warm skin, frequent urination, thirst, nausea, vomiting, deep and rapid breathing, increased heart rate, fruity breath odor, etc. The treatment includes a rapid replacement of fluids combined with low-doses of insulin and potassium replacement.

2. Hypoglycemia
It is a common type 1 diabetes complication which occurs when the levels of sugar in the blood are below 70 mg/dL. Hypoglycemia is a manageable type 1 diabetes complication. However, in some patients, it can be even life-threatening when its signs and symptoms are not recognized on time, orif these patients continue to take insulin and other hypoglycemic drugs. Characteristic signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, hunger, weakness, disorientation, etc. Rarely, it can lead to coma, seizures, and even death.

3. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
HHNS is one of thetype 1 diabetes complications. Itis characterized by increased levels of sugar in the blood and Dehydration, triggered by an infection or another severe illness. Signs and symptoms includehigh fever, high levels of glucose in the blood, dry mouth, extreme thirst and dry skin. It can eventually lead to seizures, coma, and even death.

4. Heart Disease and Stroke
Heart diseases and stroke are common among diabetic patients, no matter if they are suffering from type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The progression of Atherosclerosis is more rapid among diabetic patients, leading to Coronary Artery Disease, Heart Attack, and stroke. People suffering from type 1 diabetes also tend to have a higher Blood Pressure due to thedamage of the kidneys, which will also increase their risk for coronary artery disease, heart attack, and even heart failure.

5. Kidney Damage (Nephropathy)
Nephropathy is oneserious type 1 diabetes complication. Over the time, the kidney glomeruli, tiny filters in the kidneys, get damaged and leak the protein into the urine. This kidney damage eventually leads to a Kidney Failure, and diabetic nephropathy is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ERSD). Characteristic signs and symptoms include swelling of the feet and ankles, fatigue, itchiness and a pale color of the skin. Once kidney failure occurs, dialysis and kidney transplantation are the onlytreatment.

6. Neuropathy
It is a common diabetes complication. There are two main types of neuropathy: peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy.Peripheral neuropathy is a condition that affects the nerves of the toes, feet, legs, arms, and hands. Characteristic signs and symptoms include a burning sensation, loss of sense of warm and cold, tingling, weakness, numbness, etc.Autonomic neuropathy is a condition that affects the nerves that help regulate the function of the heart, bowel, bladder, digestive system and the sexual function as well.

7. Foot Ulcers and Amputations
Foot ulcers are common type 1 diabetes complications due to a poor blood circulation and peripheral neuropathy. Foot ulcers lead to lower limb amputations. Diabetic patients who have a long history of diabetes, are overweight, and smoke are at a higher risk of having foot ulcers. Foot ulcers usually occur on the big toe, resulting from infections or any injury of the blood vessels. Numbness due to neuropathy puts these patients at a higher risk for injuries as they may not be aware of them.

Neuropathic arthropathy also known as Charcot Foot is another degenerative condition that affects the bones and joints of the feet. The foot starts to get swollen, red and warm, starting even to deform. The bones may crack, splinter and even erode, while the joints may change their shape and even become unstable.

8. Retinopathy and Eye Complications
Diabetes affects the entire body, including the eyes. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness. The most common eye disorder is diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic patients are also at a higher risk for Glaucoma and cataracts.Diabetic retinopathy is a medical condition characterized by a damage of the retina, which generally occurs in two phases. The first phase is known as the non-proliferative phase during which the blood vessels of the retina get damage and weaken. The second phase is known as the proliferative phase during which new and abnormal blood vessels start to grow on the surface of the retina.

9. Infections
People with diabetes are at a higher risk for Influenza and complications like Pneumonia. Diabetic patients should have the annual influenza vaccination and the vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia in order to prevent these respiratory infections.Type 1 diabetes complications are also infections of the urinary tract, especially among women. In general, these infections of the urinary tract are more likely to get complicated and they are more difficult to treat.Diabetic patients are more likely to suffer from Hepatitis B, which is transmitted through blood and other body fluids. People are exposed to the virus through sharing blood glucose monitors and finger-stick devices. Everyone newly diagnosed with diabetes should receive a hepatitis B vaccination.

10. Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease)
Diabetic patients are more likely to produce less saliva and have less collagen as well as a poor circulation of the blood in the gums. Diabetic patients are more likely to have more plaques than others. The level of the sugar in the mouth is higher due to ahigher level of sugar in the blood. All of these factors contribute in the development of the gum disease, eventually leading to signs and symptoms like sensitive gums, painful gums, bleeding of the gums, discolored gums, etc. Regular dental checkup are necessary for the right diagnosis and for the treatment of periodontal disease.

11. Miscarriage and Stillbirth
Being pregnant and suffering from diabetes put you at a higher risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. It is very important to have controlled levels of blood sugar before pregnancy and during the whole 10months of the pregnancy. Controlled levels of blood sugar during the first few weeks of the pregnancy will protect the developing baby from serious birth defects.